ToFD - Level II
Detailed Description
SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND AND ULTRASOUND TESTING
- NDT
- Sound versus Ultrasound
- Distance, velocity, cycle, material density
- Sine wave, frequency, wavelength
- dB system
- The shell of an ultrasound instrument, TOFD probes, TOFD wedges
- Pulser/receiver, square pulse
- Wave propagation, scattering, absorption, energy spreading
- Beam, sound field, beam diameter
- Through transmission, pulse echo, angle beam, immersion, PAUT
- A-Scan
- Structure and qualification of a procedure, training, acceptance criteria
- Calibration blocks, couplant
- Marking on part; probe positioning
- Naming files; storing data
- Section’s test
SECTION 2: PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING TOFD
- Butt welds
- Digital instrument, pulser/receiver, digitizer, filters, gain
- Probes, frequency spectrum, signal waveform
- Wedges, hard wedges
- Scanner, encoder
- Huygens’ principal, diffraction
- Snell’s law, incident vs. refracted, critical angles
- TOFD A-Scan, phase shift, phase difference, averaging
- PCS, transit time, depth calculation, height calculation, position uncertainty
- Beam spread, beam spread in-wedge, beam spread in-part, frequency spectrum
- Lateral wave, backwall, mode-converted backwall
- Dead zones, accuracy, resolution
- B-Scan, gray scale
- Whisker effect, parabolic cursors
- Non-parallel and parallel scans
- Multiple scans
- Influence of frequency on coverage, dead zones
- Influence of wedge angle on time scale, coverage
- Influence of PCS on dead zones, resolution, coverage
- How to optimize the digitizing frequency, filters, averaging, time window, sensitivity, PRF
- Calibration of the beam index point, velocity
- Scanning speed
- Wedge delay calibration, lateral wave straightening, lateral wave removal
- Interactive exercises on setups, beam index point and velocity calibration, scanning
- Interactive exercises on wedge delay calibration and lateral wave straightening
- Section’s test
SECTION 3: DATA ANALYSIS
- B-Scan perspective
- Lateral wave, backwall and mode-converted backwall signals
- Effect of beam spread on depth and the backwall signal
- Indication classification, probe position vs. height, angle vs. height
- Geometrical indications, double-V welds, pipes misalignment, different wall thickness
- Data quality, calibration, basic analysis, detailed analysis
- Signal start, grouping, point-like indications
- Height and depth, top-surface breaking, bottom-surface breaking, embedded
- Length and position, parabolic shape, elongated and curved
- Interactive viewer, top-surface breaking, bottom-surface breaking, embedded
- Interactive exercises on setup, beam index calibration, scanning, data analysis
- Section’s test
SECTION 4: REVIEW
- Hardware
- Scans and views
- Theory
- Setups
- Calibration
- Data analysis
- The defects
SECTION 5: FINAL TEST
- 50-question final test
Course Price: $1145.00
